World Diabetes Day

14 November 2009

World Diabetes Day raises global awareness of diabetes - its escalating rates around the world and how to prevent the illness in most cases. Started by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and WHO, the Day is celebrated on 14 November to mark the birthday of Frederick Banting who, along with Charles Best, was instrumental in the discovery of insulin in 1922, a life-saving treatment for diabetes patients.

WHO estimates that more than 180 million people worldwide have diabetes, according to 2005 figures. This number is likely to more than double by 2030 without intervention. Almost 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low and middle-income countries.

diabetes mellitus

WHAT IS DIABETES?

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.

• Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset) is characterized by a lack of insulin production. Without daily administration of insulin, Type 1 diabetes is rapidly fatal.
• Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (polyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes and fatigue. These symptoms may occur suddenly.
• Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises 90% of people with diabetes around the world, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.
• Symptoms may be similar to those of Type 1 diabetes, but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, once complications have already arisen.
• Until recently, this type of diabetes was seen only in adults but it is now also occurring in obese children.
• Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia which is first recognized during pregnancy.
• Symptoms of gestational diabetes are similar to Type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is most often diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather than reported symptoms.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Impaired Fasting Glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable.

DIABETES FACTS

• The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 180 million people worldwide have diabetes. This number is likely to more than double by 2030.
• In 2005, an estimated 1.1 million people died from diabetes.¹
• Almost 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low and middle-income countries.
• Almost half of diabetes deaths occur in people under the age of 70 years; 55% of diabetes deaths are in women.
• WHO projects that diabetes deaths will increase by more than 50% in the next 10 years without urgent action. Most notably, diabetes deaths are projected to increase by over 80% in upper-middle income countries between 2006 and 2015.

WHAT ARE COMMON CONSEQUENCES OF DIABETES?

Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.

• Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. After 15 years of diabetes, approximately 2% of people become blind, and about 10% develop severe visual impairment.
• Diabetic neuropathy is damage to the nerves as a result of diabetes, and affects up to 50% of people with diabetes. Although many different problems can occur as a result of diabetic neuropathy, common symptoms are tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in the feet and hands.
• Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers and eventual limb amputation.
• Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure. 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure.
• Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke).
• The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least double the risk of their peers without diabetes.

WHAT IS THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF DIABETES?

Diabetes and its complications impose significant economic consequences on individuals, families, health systems and countries.

WHO estimates that over the next 10 years (2006-2015), China will lose $ 558 billion in foregone national income due to heart disease, stroke and diabetes alone.

HOW CAN THE BURDEN OF DIABETES BE REDUCED?

Without urgent action, diabetes-related deaths will increase by more than 50% in the next 10 years.

To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:

• Achieve and maintain healthy body weight.
• Be physically active - at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity on most days. More activity is required for weight control.

Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive blood testing.

Treatment of diabetes involves lowering blood glucose and the levels of other known risk factors that damage to blood vessels. Tobacco cessation is also important to avoid complications.

Interventions that are both cost saving and feasible in developing countries include:

• Moderate blood glucose control. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin; people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin;
• Blood pressure control;
• Foot care.

Other cost saving interventions include:

• Screening for retinopathy (which causes blindness);
• Blood lipid control (to regulate cholesterol levels);
• Screening for early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease.

These measures should be supported by a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use.

Lung Tuberculosis

Etiology

Tuberculosis is caused by tuberculosis bacteria mikrobakterium and mikrobakterium bovis tuberculosis. This bacterium has a size of 0,5-4 micron X 0,3-0,6 micron rod-shaped, thin, straight or slightly curved, with granular or does not have a jacket, but have a thick outside layer consists of a lipoid (especially mikolat acid) are can survive for color washing with acid and alcohol, so-called basil-resistant acid (BTA), resistant to chemical and physical substances, and the resistance in dry and cold, dorman and are aerob
The bacteria is dead on heating 100 degrees celsius for 5-10 minutes or heating at 60 derajad celsius for 30 minutes, with alcohol also can be 70-95% for 15-30 seconds. This bacteria can survive diudara free suit 1-2 hours, especially at the moist and humid (bebulan can, but not resistant to light and air flow.

Transmission

Tuberculosis is spread through the air (droplet nuclei) when a TB patient coughs and spray saliva contains bacteria that are terhirup by others during breathing. When people cough, sneeze, or speak when dealing with other people, tersembur tuberculosis bacillus and tuberculosis terhisap into healthy people. Inkubasinya period of 3-6 months.



Risk of infection related dengang quality and long shelf infweksi with the source and not berhubungandengan genetic factors and other factors penjaqmu. Most high-risk disease on the development of children aged under 3 years old, low-risk in the child, and increased in adolescence, young adulthood and old age. Baktetri entry through the respiratory channel and can be spread through other body kebagian blood circulation, limfe channel, or directly to a nearby organ.
One of the BTA (+) the degree of positive potential to transmit disease. Conversely, patients denganBTA (-) is considered tiak transmit. Figures diIndonesia risk of infection of 1-3 percent which means that among 100 people found 1-3 infected TB. Half of them will akan BTA-positive (0.5%).

Symptoms And Alerts

Someone defined as a suspect when people with tuberculosis tuberculosis symptoms found kelinis major (cardinal symtom) on himself. Symptoms on the main suspects are:
1. Berdahak cough more than 3 weeks,
2. coughing up blood,
3. shortness of breath,
4. chest pain,
5. sweat at the day,
6. fever is not high / fell dizzy, and
7. decrease in body weight.
With the new strategy (Dots, direcly observed treatment shortcourse), the main symptoms are cough berdahak and / or ongoing for 3 weeks or more. Based on the complaint, someone dapt defined as TB suspects. Sputum or suspected of suffering from TB are required to be examined with the microscopic examination.

Laboratory

Menegakan for diagnosis of tuberculosis disease laboratory examination to be done to find the BTA (+). Examination that is conducted with the bacterial culture examination but the expensive cost and long results.
Sputum examination method (not saliva) when, during the morning (SPS) with a microscopic examination requires approximately 5 ml of sputum, and usually use hot denganmetode coloring Ziehl Neelsen (Zn) or cold Kinyoun coloration-Gabbet according to Tan Thiam Hok. When the two times of examination results obtained BTA (+), then the patient is declared tuberculosis have a positive tuberculosis.

TB diagnosis scheme Lung ON PEOPLE DEWASA




X-RAY PHOTO People with TB


Etiologi


Medicine

Tuberculosis treatment tuberculosis using the anti-tuberculosis drugs (oat) with the method direcly obsrved treatment shortcourse (Dots).
1. That I
(2HRZE/4H3R3) for tuberculosis TB patients
2. Category II
(2HRZES/HRZE/5H3R3E3) for patient test results (patient treatment category that I will fail or patients who relapse)
3. Category III
(2HRZ/4H3R3) for patients with a new examination BTA (-), Ro (+)
4. Insertion
(HRZE) is used as an additional examination when the end of intensive phase of treatment with a category 1 or category II found BTA (+)

Drugs drunk while one (1) hour before breakfast.

Introduction zymotic

Indonesia's health sector is currently in a situation epidemologi that must bear the burden of excess. Although many infectious diseases such as smallpox and frambusia that can be treated already, but many other diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, and diarrhea that has not dituntaskan. even spread of disease was increasing in different areas. plus also the fact bahwah many infectious diseases is not as heart disease, diabetes melitus, cancer, and Obesity. Also added some new disease flare diIndonesia such as SARS and bird flu.
Communicable disease is disease that is transmitted through various media.
disease is a health problem in almost all developing countries because the number of illness and death is relatively high in a relatively short time. Different from the infectious disease is not prolonged because of the lifestyle, while the disease is generally acute and disposed of all the sections of the community. Diseases of this type of priority given the nature menularnya which can cause outbreaks and cause a great loss.
There are several factors that affect each other occurrence of the disease, among others:
1. Environment
2. Agent causes the disease
3. Penjamu
relationship between the three factors is described as weighing, the agent causes the disease on the one hand and on the other hand penjamu with the environment as penumpunya. What if the agent causes disease in penjamu with poise, then someone is in healthy condition. Changes will cause the balance of healthy or sick. Similarly if the agent of more violent or more factors while penjamu tetap.Maka weight agents cause more weight will be. Conversely when the body resistance either increased or she is healthy. When environmental factors tend to change into the agent of disease, then people will be sick. In general, someone will become ill as a result of factors:

1. Environment consists of the physical environment and non-physical

Physical environment
a. geographical situation
b. air humidity
c. temperature
residential environment

Non-physical environment
a. social (education, jobs)
b. culture (traditional pomp hereditary)
c. economy (micro policies and local policies)
d. political (leadership succession that affect policy, prevention, and response factors of disease

2. Agent causes the disease
agent of this disease consists of chemicals, mechanical stress (pisikologi) or biological
Disease usually is usually caused olaeh biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi.

3. Pejamu
that we need to know about covering pejamu characteristics, nutrition atai endurance, body paint, hygiene generally, signs and symptoms of the disease, and treatment.
Pejamu characteristics can be divided into:
a. age
b. sex
c. job
d. offspring
e. race
f. lifestyle

Because infectious diseases are still very much in the area of indonesia then I will tell about the disease.